Phonetics

Phonetics is defined as the study of the sounds of human speech using the mouth, throat, nasal and sinus cavities, and lungs.

·  The branch of linguistics that deals with the sounds of speech and their production, combination,     description, and representation by written symbols.

·  The system of sounds of a particular language

An example of phonetics is how the letter "b" in the word "bed" is spoken - you start out with your lips together. Then, air from your lungs is forced over your vocal chords, which begin to vibrate and make noise. The air then escapes through your lips as they part suddenly, which results in a "b" sound.

Phonology is Study of speech sounds isolation,phonology is more focused on how  speech sounds change and how behave when in a syllable, word or sentence.

Try saying the word 'helps' out loud, paying close attention to the final sound of the word. After that, say the word 'crabs' out loud, again paying attention to the final sound. After getting over the embarrassment of talking to yourself (especially if you're in a crowded place!), what did you notice about the final sounds of these words?

If you said that they are different, you're absolutely correct! In 'helps', the final sound is pronounced like you would expect the letter 's' to sound. However, in 'crabs', the ending should have sounded more like a 'z'. The reasoning for this change can be found through the use of phonology, which is the study of speech sounds and how they change depending on certain situations or placements in syllables, words, and sentences.
 

                                                                    phonology
       

Phonology is the study of the sound system of languages. It is a huge area of language theory and it is difficult to do more on a general language course than have an outline knowledge of what it includes. In an exam, you may be asked to comment on a text that you are seeing for the first time in terms of various language descriptions, of which phonology may be one. At one extreme, phonology is concerned with anatomy and physiology - the organs of speech and how we learn to use them. At another extreme, phonology shades into socio-linguistics as we consider social attitudes to features of sound such as accent and intonation. And part of the subject is concerned with finding objective standard ways of recording speech, and representing this symbolically.

For some kinds of study - perhaps a language investigation into the phonological development of young children or regional variations in accent, you will need to use phonetic transcription to be credible. But this is not necessary in all kinds of study - in an exam, you may be concerned with stylistic effects of sound in advertising or literature, such as assonance, rhyme or onomatopoeia - and you do not need to use special phonetic symbols to do this. 

The physics and physiology of speech

Man is distinguished from the other primates by having the apparatus to make the sounds of speech. Of course most of us learn to speak without ever knowing much about these organs, save in a vague and general sense - so that we know how a cold or sore throat alters our own performance. Language scientists have a very detailed understanding of how the human body produces the sounds of speech. Leaving to one side the vast subject of how we choose particular utterances and identify the sounds we need, we can think rather simply of how we use our lungs to breathe out air, produce vibrations in the larynx and then use our tongue, teeth and lips to modify the sounds. The diagram below shows some of the more important speech organs.

This kind of diagram helps us to understand what we observe in others but is less useful in understanding our own speech. Scientists can now place small cameras into the mouths of experimental subjects, and observe some of the physical movements that accompany speech. But most of us move our vocal organs by reflexes or a sense of the sound we want to produce, and are not likely to benefit from watching movement in the vocal fold. The diagram is a simplified cross-section through the human head - which we could not see in reality in a living speaker, though a simulation might be instructive. But we do observe some external signs of speech sounds apart from what we hear.

Assalamualaikum wr.wb...

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            Well.. saya asli anak kelahiran tanah sunda, Banten 27 november 1996,, disitulah saya dilahirkan dan dibesarkan oleh orang tua tercinta (so sweeeetttt....)...

            Ok friends.. sekarang saya sedang menimba ilmu tepatnya di Universitas Lancang Kuning (Unilak)Riau... jurusan Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan (FKIP) Bahasa Inggris.and I think Unilak is my best choice, because over there I can study by fun... Doain ya guys,, semoga dapat menyelesaikan study sekarang dengan lancar sampai diwisuda,,(amin).

            Thank’s for reading...

             

Wassalamu’alaikum wr.wb....